music21.converter¶

music21.converter contains tools for loading music from various file formats, whether from disk, from the web, or from text, into music21.stream.:class:~music21.stream.Score objects (or other similar stream objects).

The most powerful and easy to use tool is the parse() function. Simply provide a filename, URL, or text string and, if the format is supported, a Score will be returned.

This is the most general, public interface for all formats. Programmers adding their own formats to the system should provide an interface here to their own parsers (such as humdrum, musicxml, etc.)

The second and subsequent times that a file is loaded it will likely be much faster since we store a parsed version of each file as a “pickle” object in the temp folder on the disk.

>>> s = converter.parse('d:/myDocs/schubert.krn')
>>> s
<music21.stream.Score ...>

Converter¶

class music21.converter.Converter¶

A class used for converting all supported data formats into music21 objects.

Not a subclass, but a wrapper for different converter objects based on format.

Converter read-only properties

Converter.stream¶: Returns the .subConverter.stream object.

Converter methods

static Converter.defaultSubConverters() → list[type[music21.converter.subConverters.SubConverter]]¶

return an alphabetical list of the default subConverters: those in converter.subConverters with the class SubConverter.

Do not use generally. Use Converter.subConvertersList()

>>> c = converter.Converter()
>>> for sc in c.defaultSubConverters():
...     print(sc)
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterABC'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterBraille'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterCapella'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterClercqTemperley'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterHumdrum'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterIPython'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterLilypond'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMEI'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMidi'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMuseData'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMusicXML'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterNoteworthy'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterNoteworthyBinary'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterRomanText'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterScala'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterText'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterTextLine'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterTinyNotation'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterVexflow'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterVolpiano'>
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.SubConverter'>

Converter.defaultSubconverters() → list[type[music21.converter.subConverters.SubConverter]]¶

Converter.formatFromHeader(dataStr: _StrOrBytes) → tuple[str | None, _StrOrBytes]¶

if dataStr begins with a text header such as “tinyNotation:” then return that format plus the dataStr with the head removed.

Else, return (None, dataStr) where dataStr is the original untouched.

The header is not detected case-sensitive.

>>> c = converter.Converter()
>>> c.formatFromHeader('tinynotation: C4 E2')
('tinynotation', 'C4 E2')

Note that the format is always returned in lower case:

>>> c.formatFromHeader('romanText: m1: a: I b2 V')
('romantext', 'm1: a: I b2 V')

If there is no header then the format is None and the original is returned unchanged:

>>> c.formatFromHeader('C4 E2')
(None, 'C4 E2')
>>> c.formatFromHeader(b'binary-data')
(None, b'binary-data')

New formats can register new headers, like this old Amiga format:

>>> class ConverterSonix(converter.subConverters.SubConverter):
...    registerFormats = ('sonix',)
...    registerInputExtensions = ('mus',)
>>> converter.registerSubConverter(ConverterSonix)
>>> c.formatFromHeader('sonix: AIFF data')
('sonix', 'AIFF data')

If bytes are passed in, the data is returned as bytes, but the header format is still converted to a string:

>>> c.formatFromHeader(b'romanText: m1: a: I b2 V')
('romantext', b'm1: a: I b2 V')

Anything except string or bytes raises a ValueError:

>>> c.formatFromHeader(23)
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: Cannot parse a format from <class 'int'>.

Converter.getFormatFromFileExtension(fp)¶

gets the format from a file extension.

>>> fp = common.getSourceFilePath() / 'musedata' / 'testZip.zip'
>>> c = converter.Converter()
>>> c.getFormatFromFileExtension(fp)
'musedata'

static Converter.getSubConverterFormats() → dict[str, type[music21.converter.subConverters.SubConverter]]¶

Get a dictionary of subConverters for various formats.

(staticmethod: call on an instance or the class itself)

>>> scf = converter.Converter.getSubConverterFormats()
>>> scf['abc']
<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterABC'>
>>> for x in sorted(scf):
...     x, scf[x]
('abc', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterABC'>)
('braille', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterBraille'>)
('capella', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterCapella'>)
('clercqtemperley', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterClercqTemperley'>)
('cttxt', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterClercqTemperley'>)
('har', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterClercqTemperley'>)
('humdrum', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterHumdrum'>)
('ipython', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterIPython'>)
('jupyter', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterIPython'>)
('lily', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterLilypond'>)
('lilypond', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterLilypond'>)
('mei', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMEI'>)
('midi', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMidi'>)
('musedata', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMuseData'>)
('musicxml', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMusicXML'>)
('noteworthy', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterNoteworthyBinary'>)
('noteworthytext', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterNoteworthy'>)
('rntext', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterRomanText'>)
('romantext', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterRomanText'>)
('scala', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterScala'>)
('t', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterText'>)
('text', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterText'>)
('textline', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterTextLine'>)
('tinynotation', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterTinyNotation'>)
('txt', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterText'>)
('vexflow', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterVexflow'>)
('volpiano', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterVolpiano'>)
('xml', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMusicXML'>)

static Converter.getSubConverterFromFormat(converterFormat: str) → SubConverter¶

Return a particular subConverter class based on the format of the converterFormat string.

Static method: call on the class itself or an instance:

>>> converter.Converter.getSubConverterFromFormat('musicxml')
<music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMusicXML object at 0x...>

Converter.getSubconverterFormats() → dict[str, type[music21.converter.subConverters.SubConverter]]¶

Converter.parseData(dataStr: str | bytes, number=None, format=None, forceSource=False, **keywords) → None¶: Given raw data, determine format and parse into a music21 Stream, set as self.stream.

Converter.parseFile(fp, number=None, format=None, forceSource=False, storePickle=True, **keywords)¶

Given a file path, parse and store a music21 Stream, set as self.stream.

If format is None then look up the format from the file extension using common.findFormatFile.

Will load from a pickle unless forceSource is True Will store as a pickle unless storePickle is False

Converter.parseFileNoPickle(fp: Path | str, number: int | None = None, format: str | None = None, forceSource: bool = False, **keywords)¶

Given a file path, parse and store a music21 Stream.

If format is None then look up the format from the file extension using common.findFormatFile.

Does not use or store pickles in any circumstance.

Converter.parseURL(url: str, *, format: str | None = None, number: int | None = None, forceSource: bool = False, **keywords) → None¶

Given a url, download and parse the file into a music21 Stream stored in the stream property of the converter object.

Note that this checks the user Environment autoDownload setting before downloading.

Use forceSource=True to download every time rather than re-reading from a cached file.

>>> joplinURL = ('https://github.com/cuthbertLab/music21/raw/master'
...              + '/music21/corpus/joplin/maple_leaf_rag.mxl')
>>> c = converter.Converter()
>>> c.parseURL(joplinURL)
>>> joplinStream = c.stream

Changed in v7: made keyword-only and added forceSource option.

Converter.regularizeFormat(fmt: str) → str | None¶

Take in a string representing a format, a file extension (w/ or without leading dot) etc. and find the format string that best represents the format that should be used.

Searches SubConverter.registerFormats first, then SubConverter.registerInputExtensions, then SubConverter.registerOutputExtensions

Returns None if no format applies:

>>> c = converter.Converter()
>>> c.regularizeFormat('mxl')
'musicxml'
>>> c.regularizeFormat('t')
'text'
>>> c.regularizeFormat('abc')
'abc'
>>> c.regularizeFormat('lily.png')
'lilypond'
>>> c.regularizeFormat('blah') is None
True

Converter.setSubConverterFromFormat(converterFormat: str)¶

sets the .subConverter according to the format of converterFormat:

>>> convObj = converter.Converter()
>>> convObj.setSubConverterFromFormat('humdrum')
>>> convObj.subConverter
<music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterHumdrum object at 0x...>

Converter.setSubconverterFromFormat(converterFormat: str)¶

static Converter.subConvertersList(converterType: Literal['any', 'input', 'output'] = 'any') → list[type[music21.converter.subConverters.SubConverter]]¶

Gives a list of all the subConverter classes that are registered.

If converterType is ‘any’ (true), then input or output subConverters are listed.

Otherwise, ‘input’, or ‘output’ can be used to filter.

>>> c = converter.Converter()
>>> scl = c.subConvertersList()
>>> defaultScl = c.defaultSubConverters()
>>> tuple(scl) == tuple(defaultScl)
True

>>> sclInput = c.subConvertersList('input')
>>> sclInput
[<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterABC'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterCapella'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterClercqTemperley'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterHumdrum'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMEI'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMidi'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMuseData'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMusicXML'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterNoteworthy'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterNoteworthyBinary'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterRomanText'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterScala'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterTinyNotation'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterVolpiano'>]

Get those that can output (note that this is also a static method on converter)

>>> sclOutput = converter.Converter.subConvertersList('output')
>>> sclOutput
[<class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterBraille'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterLilypond'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMidi'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMusicXML'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterRomanText'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterScala'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterText'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterTextLine'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterVexflow'>,
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterVolpiano'>]

>>> class ConverterSonix(converter.subConverters.SubConverter):
...    registerFormats = ('sonix',)
...    registerInputExtensions = ('mus',)
>>> converter.registerSubConverter(ConverterSonix)
>>> ConverterSonix in c.subConvertersList()
True

Newly registered subConveters appear first, so they will be used instead of any default subConverters that work on the same format or extension.

>>> class BadMusicXMLConverter(converter.subConverters.SubConverter):
...    registerFormats = ('musicxml',)
...    registerInputExtensions = ('xml', 'mxl', 'musicxml')
...    def parseData(self, strData, number=None):
...        self.stream = stream.Score(id='empty')

>>> converter.registerSubConverter(BadMusicXMLConverter)
>>> c.subConvertersList()
[<class 'music21.BadMusicXMLConverter'>,
 ...
 <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterMusicXML'>,
 ...]

Show that this musicxml file by Amy Beach is now parsed by BadMusicXMLConverter:

>>> s = corpus.parse('beach/prayer_of_a_tired_child')
>>> s.id
'empty'
>>> len(s.parts)
0

Note that if the file has already been parsed by another subConverter format the parameter forceSource is required to force the file to be parsed by the newly registered subConverter:

>>> converter.unregisterSubConverter(BadMusicXMLConverter)
>>> s = corpus.parse('beach/prayer_of_a_tired_child')
>>> s.id
'empty'
>>> s = corpus.parse('beach/prayer_of_a_tired_child', forceSource=True)
>>> len(s.parts)
6

Converter.subconvertersList(converterType: Literal['any', 'input', 'output'] = 'any') → list[type[music21.converter.subConverters.SubConverter]]¶

Converter instance variables

Converter.subConverter¶: a SubConverter object that will do the actual converting.

ArchiveManager¶

class music21.converter.ArchiveManager(fp: str | Path, archiveType='zip')¶

Before opening a file path, this class can check if this is an archived file collection, such as a .zip or .mxl file. This will return the data from the archive.

>>> fnCorpus = corpus.getWork('bwv66.6', fileExtensions=('.xml',))

This is likely a unicode string

>>> fnCorpus
'/Users/cuthbert/git/music21base/music21/corpus/bach/bwv66.6.mxl'
>>> am = converter.ArchiveManager(fnCorpus)
>>> am.isArchive()
True
>>> am.getNames()
['bwv66.6.xml', 'META-INF/container.xml']
>>> data = am.getData()
>>> data[0:70]
'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>\r<!DOCTYPE score-partwise PUBLIC'

The only archive type supported now is zip. But .mxl is zip so that covers almost everything.

ArchiveManager methods

ArchiveManager.getData(dataFormat='musicxml') → Any¶

Return data from the archive.

For ‘musedata’ format this will be a list of strings. For ‘musicxml’ this will be a single string.

Changed in v8: name is not used.

ArchiveManager.getNames() → list[str]¶: Return a list of all names contained in this archive.

ArchiveManager.isArchive() → bool¶: Return True or False if the filepath is an archive of the supplied archiveType.

PickleFilter¶

class music21.converter.PickleFilter(fp: str | Path, forceSource: bool = False, number: int | None = None, **keywords)¶

Before opening a file path, this class checks to see if there is an up-to-date version of the file pickled and stored in the scratch directory.

If forceSource is True, then a pickle path will not be created.

Provide a file path to check if there is pickled version.

If forceSource is True, pickled files, if available, will not be returned.

PickleFilter methods

PickleFilter.getPickleFp(directory: Path | str | None = None, zipType: str | None = None) → Path¶

Returns the file path of the pickle file for this file.

Returns a pathlib.Path

PickleFilter.removePickle() → None¶

If a compressed pickled file exists, remove it from disk.

Generally not necessary to call, since we can just overwrite obsolete pickles, but useful elsewhere.

PickleFilter.status() → tuple[pathlib.Path, bool, pathlib.Path | None]¶

Given a file path specified with __init__, look for an up-to-date pickled version of this file path. If it exists, return its fp, otherwise return the original file path.

Return arguments are file path to load, boolean whether to write a pickle, and the file path of the pickle. All file paths can be pathlib.Path objects or None

Does not check that fp exists or create the pickle file.

>>> fp = '/Users/Cuthbert/Desktop/musicFile.mxl'
>>> pickFilter = converter.PickleFilter(fp)
>>> pickFilter.status()
(PosixPath('/Users/Cuthbert/Desktop/musicFile.mxl'), True,
      PosixPath('/tmp/music21/m21-7.0.0-py3.9-18b8c5a5f07826bd67ea0f20462f0b8d.p.gz'))

Functions¶

Given a file path, encoded data in a Python string, or a URL, attempt to parse the item into a Stream. Note: URL downloading will not happen automatically unless the user has set their Environment “autoDownload” preference to “allow”.

Keywords can include number which specifies a piece number in a file of multi-piece file. (Otherwise, a particular score from an Opus can also be extracted by providing a two-element list or tuple of the form (path, number) to the value argument.)

format specifies the format to parse the line of text or the file as.

quantizePost specifies whether to quantize a stream resulting from MIDI conversion. By default, MIDI streams are quantized to the nearest sixteenth or triplet-eighth (i.e. smaller durations will not be preserved). quarterLengthDivisors sets the quantization units explicitly.

A string of text is first checked to see if it is a filename that exists on disk. If not it is searched to see if it looks like a URL. If not it is processed as data.

PC File:

>>> s = converter.parse(r'c:\users\myke\desktop\myFile.xml')

Mac File:

>>> s = converter.parse('/Users/cuthbert/Desktop/myFile.xml')

URL:

>>> s = converter.parse('https://midirepository.org/file220/file.mid')

Data is preceded by an identifier such as “tinynotation:”

>>> s = converter.parse("tinyNotation: 3/4 E4 r f# g=lastG trip{b-8 a g} c", makeNotation=False)
>>> s[meter.TimeSignature].first()
<music21.meter.TimeSignature 3/4>

or the format can be passed directly:

>>> s = converter.parse("2/16 E4 r f# g=lastG trip{b-8 a g} c", format='tinyNotation')
>>> s[meter.TimeSignature].first()
<music21.meter.TimeSignature 2/16>

Changed in v8: passing a list of tinyNotation strings was never documented as a
possibility and has been removed.

music21.converter.parseFile(fp, number=None, format=None, forceSource=False, **keywords) → Score | Part | Opus¶: Given a file path, attempt to parse the file into a Stream.

music21.converter.parseData(dataStr, number=None, format=None, **keywords) → Score | Part | Opus¶: Given musical data represented within a Python string, attempt to parse the data into a Stream.

music21.converter.parseURL(url, *, format=None, number=None, forceSource=False, **keywords) → Score | Part | Opus¶

Given a URL, attempt to download and parse the file into a Stream. Note: URL downloading will not happen automatically unless the user has set their Environment “autoDownload” preference to “allow”.

Changed in v7: made keyword-only.

music21.converter.freeze(streamObj, fmt=None, fp=None, fastButUnsafe=False, zipType='zlib') → Path¶

Given a StreamObject and a file path, serialize and store the Stream to a file.

This function is based on the StreamFreezer object.

The serialization format is defined by the fmt argument; ‘pickle’ (the default) is only one presently supported. ‘json’ or ‘jsonnative’ will be used once jsonpickle is good enough.

If no file path is given, a temporary file is used.

The file path is returned.

>>> c = converter.parse('tinynotation: 4/4 c4 d e f')
>>> c.show('text')
{0.0} <music21.stream.Measure 1 offset=0.0>
    {0.0} <music21.clef.TrebleClef>
    {0.0} <music21.meter.TimeSignature 4/4>
    {0.0} <music21.note.Note C>
    {1.0} <music21.note.Note D>
    {2.0} <music21.note.Note E>
    {3.0} <music21.note.Note F>
    {4.0} <music21.bar.Barline type=final>
>>> fp = converter.freeze(c, fmt='pickle')
>>> fp
PosixPath('/tmp/music21/sjiwoe.p.gz')

The file can then be “thawed” back into a Stream using the thaw() method.

>>> d = converter.thaw(fp)
>>> d.show('text')
{0.0} <music21.stream.Measure 1 offset=0.0>
    {0.0} <music21.clef.TrebleClef>
    {0.0} <music21.meter.TimeSignature 4/4>
    {0.0} <music21.note.Note C>
    {1.0} <music21.note.Note D>
    {2.0} <music21.note.Note E>
    {3.0} <music21.note.Note F>
    {4.0} <music21.bar.Barline type=final>

music21.converter.thaw(fp, zipType='zlib')¶

Given a file path of a serialized Stream, defrost the file into a Stream.

This function is based on the StreamFreezer object.

See the documentation for freeze() for demos.

music21.converter.freezeStr(streamObj, fmt=None)¶

Given a StreamObject serialize and return a serialization string.

This function is based on the StreamFreezer object.

The serialization format is defined by the fmt argument; ‘pickle’ (the default), is the only one presently supported.

>>> c = converter.parse('tinyNotation: 4/4 c4 d e f', makeNotation=False)
>>> c.show('text')
{0.0} <music21.meter.TimeSignature 4/4>
{0.0} <music21.note.Note C>
{1.0} <music21.note.Note D>
{2.0} <music21.note.Note E>
{3.0} <music21.note.Note F>
>>> data = converter.freezeStr(c, fmt='pickle')
>>> len(data) > 20  # pickle implementation dependent
True
>>> d = converter.thawStr(data)
>>> d.show('text')
{0.0} <music21.meter.TimeSignature 4/4>
{0.0} <music21.note.Note C>
{1.0} <music21.note.Note D>
{2.0} <music21.note.Note E>
{3.0} <music21.note.Note F>

music21.converter.thawStr(strData)¶

Given a serialization string, defrost into a Stream.

This function is based on the StreamFreezer object.

music21.converter.registerSubConverter(newSubConverter: type[music21.converter.subConverters.SubConverter]) → None¶

Add a SubConverter to the list of registered subConverters.

Example, register a converter for the obsolete Amiga composition software Sonix (so fun!)

>>> class ConverterSonix(converter.subConverters.SubConverter):
...    registerFormats = ('sonix',)
...    registerInputExtensions = ('mus',)

>>> converter.registerSubConverter(ConverterSonix)
>>> scf = converter.Converter().getSubConverterFormats()
>>> for x in sorted(scf):
...     x, scf[x]
('abc', <class 'music21.converter.subConverters.ConverterABC'>)
...
('sonix', <class 'music21.ConverterSonix'>)
...

See converter.qmConverter for an example of an extended subConverter.

Changed in v.9 – custom subConverters are registered above default subConverters.

music21.converter.unregisterSubConverter(removeSubConverter: Literal['all'] | type[music21.converter.subConverters.SubConverter]) → None¶

Remove a SubConverter from the list of registered subConverters.

>>> mxlConverter = converter.subConverters.ConverterMusicXML

>>> c = converter.Converter()
>>> mxlConverter in c.subConvertersList()
True
>>> converter.unregisterSubConverter(mxlConverter)
>>> mxlConverter in c.subConvertersList()
False

If there is no such subConverter registered, and it is not a default subConverter, then a converter.ConverterException is raised:

>>> class ConverterSonix(converter.subConverters.SubConverter):
...    registerFormats = ('sonix',)
...    registerInputExtensions = ('mus',)
>>> converter.unregisterSubConverter(ConverterSonix)
Traceback (most recent call last):
music21.converter.ConverterException: Could not remove <class 'music21.ConverterSonix'> from
            registered subConverters

The special command “all” removes everything including the default converters:

>>> converter.unregisterSubConverter('all')
>>> c.subConvertersList()
[]

music21.converter.registerSubconverter(newSubConverter: type[music21.converter.subConverters.SubConverter]) → None¶: Deprecated: use registerSubConverter w/ capital “C” instead.

music21.converter.resetSubConverters()¶: Reset state to default (removing all registered and deregistered subConverters).

music21.converter.toData(obj: base.Music21Object, fmt: str, **keywords) → str | bytes¶

Convert obj to the given format fmt and return the information retrieved.

Currently, this is somewhat inefficient: it calls SubConverter.toData which calls write() on the object and reads back the value of the file.

>>> tiny = converter.parse('tinyNotation: 4/4 C4 D E F G1')
>>> data = converter.toData(tiny, 'braille.ascii')
>>> type(data)
<class 'str'>
>>> print(data)
    #D4
#A _?:$] (<K

music21.converter.unregisterSubconverter(newSubConverter: type[music21.converter.subConverters.SubConverter]) → None¶: Deprecated: use unregisterSubConverter w/ capital “C” instead.

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music21.converter¶

Converter¶

ArchiveManager¶

PickleFilter¶

Functions¶